However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Learning in Black and White. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Click the title for location and availability information. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. Published by at 29, 2022. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. The Steamboat Adventure. Revised on November 11, 2022. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. Primary Sources Sallust. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo Graduate Admissions - New York University Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Historical documents : how to read them. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. sulla primary sources. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. What Is a Primary Source? During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Wikipedia entry. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare.
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