The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. 3. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. All rights reserved. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . Power Sharing Formula Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, i dont have my first school leaving certificate. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism - Course Hero To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Comparative Analysis of Federalism and Natural Resource Management There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. . Federalism Complicates the Response to the COVID-19 Health and Economic Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. He rejects the assertion that Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. stream Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. The Plural nature of Nigeria. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. What is federalism? The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . /Filter /FlateDecode Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. << stream >> So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. /Parent 2 0 R Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. History of federal system of government in nigeria. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. PDF Federalism in Nigeria: Accommodating Diversity and Promoting Stability Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Each state has the same level of self-governance. ! Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. 1. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. s" % In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Your email address will not be published. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? local government autonomy.docx - CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. 5 Problems Of Federalism In Nigeria And Solutions Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. Federalism - Federal Features of Indian Constitution For UPSC! The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. The states were later increased to 30 states. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. 7 Reasons for Federalism in Nigeria: Why Nigeria Adopted Federal System /Length 14727 Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria - Samphina Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. Your email address will not be published. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Federalism in India. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. /F2 9 0 R MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. /F5 18 0 R This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. Required fields are marked *. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. PDF Department Of Economics University Of Ilorin | freewebmasterhelp PDF The Efficacy of Federalism in a Multi-Ethnic State: The Nigerian - CORE Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. PDF Nigerian Federalism: Issues, Challenges and Prospects (PDF) Federalism as a Political Ideology and System of Government: The Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. PDF Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model - UNPA In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. True Federalism and Restructuring in Nigeria: Challenges and the - SSRN The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Federalism | PDF | Federalism | Decentralization Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. 2. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . ff>qsfN? (eds. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. PDF Federalism, Politics and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Higher After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Federalism in Nigeria : The past , Current Peril and Future Hopes Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. However, that is not so in a federal government system. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. /Font << << NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS - Academia.edu %PDF-1.5 This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. 74 . Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Air Plan Approval; Texas; New Source Review Updates for Project As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. Excellent, thanks a lot f This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. by the federal or any state government. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. 6 0 obj To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Moreover, politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties.
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