Vdc is a direct current voltage while Vac is an alternating current voltage that may be expressed in several ways. If I. do the same procedure to VPEAK value (I assume that the maximum value is. Impedance. V rms = 0.3535 * V pp Thus, peak voltage is equal to the square root of two times the RMS voltage. Peak as the word denotes, is the highest attained value by an alternating currents (or voltage) waveform during an half cycle of the waveform measured from the baseline starting point at zero. It mentions Power in watt to Power in dBm conversion as it takes PdBm as input to generate outputs (Vrms, Vpeak, Vp-p) in volts. Vpeak to peak to Vrms conversion Vpeak to peak is defined as the voltage measured between the maximum Positive and Negative Amplitudes on the sine wave. The level of a waveform defined by the condition that the area enclosed by the curve above this level is exactly equal to the area enclosed by the curve below this level. Premium software tools and references for electrical test technicians. Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample. Dalam dua formula Vpeak diukur dari ground (atau nol volt) ke Vmax. One of the key properties of an AC waveform, asides frequency and period, is the Amplitude which represents the maximum value of an alternating waveform or as better known, the peak value. As I said diodes will never allow discharging current. . Multi-phase VRMs deliver a much more stable . Thus at times, for AC waveforms which are not pure sinusoidal, the reading from a multimeter may be a little bit inaccurate. Following calculator requires power in dBm. Therefore, 8 = 2 2 2 = 2 2. I also invite other electronic men to judge our posts, Crest factor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_5/6.html, https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_pa/Scots_Guide/audio/part5/page1.html, difference between "drain bias current (I-DQ)" and "drain current (I-D)". Formula. The relationship between the peak amplitude Vp and the RMS amplitude VRMS depends upon the waveform. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. The reason for this is the fact that most measuring instruments (multi-meters) used for measuring Alternating voltage and current give their outputs as rms values. Hm, guess we no longer need no blasted formula lists. VRMS = 1.11 x VAV , IRMS = 1.11 x IAV. See Answer Vrms = 0.707 VPEAK . This page mentions Power to Vrms, Vpeak, Vp-p conversion calculator. The RMS (Root-Mean-Square) value is the effective value of the total waveform. Irms = Vrms/Z = 120angle30/10angle0 = 12angle30. Vrms = 0.3535 * Vpp. This is for the whole AC signal. Yup. What newgirl was asking was a sinusoidal rectified signal. Following is the formula for Vpp to Vrms conversion. And if you look at it from peak-to-peak, then the voltage from an AC outlet is actually 340V peak-to-peak. Most multi-meters, either voltmeters or ammeters, measure RMS value assuming a pure sinusoidal waveform. For example a '6V AC supply' means 6V RMS, the peak voltage is 8.4V. which matches what you find anywhere there's a list of formulas. Following equations or formula are used for Power to Vrms/Vpeak/Vp-p conversion. Stripline Impedance calculator (VRMS) 0.707 (Vpeak): VRMS = 0.707 Vpeak Vpeak = 1.414 VRMS. For example if the Vrms of a signal is 10 V, and it is connected to a resistor R, that resistor would dissipate the same energy as if we had a 10 V DC source connected to the R load, in stead of the AC source mentioned and the above is only valid for sinusoidal signals. Actually, this equation is valid for ANY periodic signal: Wrong! Happy New Year 2021 with Integral in here#Voltage#RootMeanSquare#Peak#Formula To serve as a sort of the key point below is a table showing the form factors and crest factors of different type of waveforms used in representing AC waveforms. This has the effect of inverting the sign of the angle in polar form. AC Voltage Formulas Peak Voltage V PK = 0.5 x V PP V PK = 1.414 x V rms V PK = 1.571 x V avg Peak-to-Peak Voltage V PP = 2 x V PK V PP = 2.828 x V rms What is the relationship between Vrms and vpeak? . Vpeak = 31.618 Volts The value of Vrms is V0/Square root of2, or, equivalently, 0.707V0. Can be used to communicate with satellites? RMS Voltage (Vrms) Volts (V) Overview The RMS voltage calculator calculates the RMS voltage value from the peak voltage, the peak-to-peak voltage, or the average voltage. V rms works out to (via the sqr root of the mean of the square of the signal function) = V max (or peak) divided by 2. We can also Derive Irms from above equation like: One other application of form factors is found in digital multimeters used in measuring Alternating current or voltage. Peak values can be calculated from RMS values from the above formula, which implies VP = VRMS 2, assuming the source is a pure sine wave. The same set of equations hold for voltage and we just need to replace current with voltage in the equations. Most multi-meters, either voltmeters or ammeters, measure RMS value assuming a pure sinusoidal waveform. without any 600 . For a sinewave, the peak of 20V RMS is 28.28V. This chart is a handy reference when tinkering with oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer displays. Many poor quality audio amplifiers say peak power instead of RMS power to make the number larger. If undefined then Vac normally means Vrms, but that the electricians fault. It is advisable that the RMS values of voltage and current are used as much as possible when doing alternating current related calculations except for when performing average power-related calculations. to NF, RF Wireless World 2012, RF & Wireless Vendors and Resources, Free HTML5 Templates. do not post a link to whole lengthy page because I do not have time to re read what I already know. The full voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform; that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. When we speak of 120 VAC, we are actually referring to the rms (root-mean-square) voltage of the sinusoid coming from the wall outlet. V RMS = V p 2 V R M S = V p 2 So, returning back to the explanation, if you have an AC source with a peak voltage V P V P connected to a resistor R, the Vrms value would represent the energy that would be dissipated by the resistor would be the same as if you changed the AC source for a DC one of value V p 2 V p 2 You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. those pictures are for educational purposes the amount of drop is only determined by capacitor capacity and load current. Notation: All bold-face letters represent complex numbers. Uncle $crooge P Prototype Member Feb 20, 2019 #11 Following equation or formula is used for Watt to dBm conversion and vice versa. The goal of having a VRM on a motherboard is to provide stable and reliable electricity for the CPU. For a pure sine wave, similar to the form factor, the crest factor is always fixed at 1.414. The reason for the drop you see is, after the peak diodes turn off and load only is supplied by cap if load demand is high enough it will cause a discharge in capacitor and a drop of voltage but if you place a big enough cap that dose not happen. The crest factor is the ratio of the peak value of an alternating current or voltage to the root mean square of the waveform. Since an AC voltage rises and falls with time, it takes more AC voltage to produce a given RMS voltage than it would for DC. Vrms Vpeak, Vrms Sine Wave Square Wave 2. Re: about voltage I think in your case Vac means AC amplitude value. To Calculate V rms from V pp enter the value in V pp and hit V rms button. Derive this relationship. Answer (1 of 6): The peak value is the highest voltage that the waveform will ever reach, like the peak is the highest point on a mountain. Using rms makes Ohm's law calculations (except for power) the same for both AC an DC. That 1 V rms triangle wave has a peak voltage of 3 V (1.732 V), and a peak-to-peak voltage of 23 V (3.464 V). 0.5 (full-scale) = 0.313mV. This is due to the measuring of the tip of the crest to the tip of the trough. In the Axon Guide, it states that the peak-to-peak noise of a signal is 8 times that of the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the noise. If you acquire the RMS voltage value, you can calculate the peak voltage ( VP) by using the following formula: If you acquire the average voltage value, you can calculate the peak voltage by using the following formula: VP = average voltage x ( 2) or VP = average voltage x 1.57 Where Vpp is the peak to peak volatge and Vrms is the root mean square voltage. Submitted by Hardeep Singh on Thu, 03/29/2018 - 10:44, Omrons new G5PZ-X PCB relay comes in a compact package with 20 A at 200 VDC rated load, Tiny Size-vs-High Specs, this range of RECOMs DC/DC Converters utilizes minimal PCB footprint, Hammonds New Miniature Enclosures for Indoor or Outdoor Use, KEMET's C4AK series film capacitors feature long life and high voltage, Murata's ultra-thin, high-efficiency, 72 W charge pump modules support 48 V Bus architecture, WORM cards are complete solutions to restore security against threats of data altering or removing, Designed to perform in high-flex, high-torsion, and continuous flex applications, Nordic Semiconductor presents the Nordic Thingy:53 rapid prototyping platform based on the nRF5340. Your Irms = Ipeak divided by the square root of two. In this video I have explain the Relationship Between Peak voltage of Sine wave (Vp), Peak to Peak voltage of Sine wave (Vpp) and Root Mean Square Voltage (V. This is the value applied to VN-VP pins and in. One of the ways of determining if a sine wave is pure is via the form factor, which for a pure sine wave will always give a value of 1.11. This same equation also holds true for current and all we have to do is swap Voltage in the equation for Current. Equation for rms voltage. For a sinusoid, this voltage is 0.707Vp, where Vp is the peak voltage. The root-mean-square or effective value of a waveform. Example: Torque and rotational power Peak to Peak vs RMS Peak value is the absolute values of the maximum amplitude variation in any direction. And for I*rms, just flip the sign of the angle: 12angle-30. I seem to remember that the peak-to-peak noise value of a signal is 1.41 (square root of 2) times the RMS value of the noise signal. When you see an AC voltage, unless stated otherwise it is always Vrms. Remember that Vrms is not the average voltage of an AC signal. Ipeak = Vpeak/R. The term "RMS" stands for "Root-Mean-Squared", also called the effective or heating value of alternating current, is equivalent to a DC voltage that would provide the same amount of heat generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would if applied to that same resistor. CPUs are very delicate components that can only run smoothly on stable and reliable power. Transformer Tap Changers: Basic Principles and Testing Explained, Insulating Liquids: Basic Properties, Types and Applications Explained, Inverse Time Overcurrent Relays and Curves Explained, 4 Critical Tests for Evaluating HV Circuit Breaker Performance, Power Quality Analysis: Basic Theory and Applications Explained, Power Factor Testing: Voltage Considerations Explained, Electrical Power System Studies Explained, Fiber Optic Cable Fundamentals and Testing Explained, Electrical Drawings and Schematics Overview, Magnetron Atmospheric Condition (MAC) Testing Principles. And the peak voltage for this is actually 170V. For single tone, Vrms= Vpeak/sqrt(2) gives same result but for multitone signal, result doesnt match with "amplitude and level measurement VI" calculated RMS. One other quantity associated with an Alternating current that we need to look at is the form factor. Most of these meters are generally scaled to display the RMS value of sine waves which they are designed to obtain by calculating the average value and multiplying by the form factor of a sinusoid (1.11) since it can be a little bit difficult to digitally calculate the rms values. VRMS = Vpp/ (22) Calculators. Low-cost voltmeters approximate the RMS value. basically that's it. The RMS voltage of a sine wave can be obtained by multiplying peak voltage values by 1/2 or 0.7071. Peak to Peak Voltage Note:Now, the peak value of current is defined as the maximum or highest value of current obtained in the one cycle. Today we will be going over some terms and quantities associated with the Alternating Current. Homework Equations Vpeak-to-peak=2Vpeak The Attempt at a Solution 2. We're not yet done now, we need to compare this against our reference voltage which is 0.775Vrms (so we can get the dBu number). The Full form of IRMS is Indian Railway Medical Services, or IRMS stands for Indian Railway Medical Services, or the full name of given abbreviation is Indian Railway Medical Services. Calculator#2: Power (Watt) to Power (dBm) Conversion Following calculator converts Power in Watts to Power in dBm. Here all in one picture. Hence for Power in watt to Power in dBm conversion use calculator#2. Thus, the square root of 8 in the lowest radical form is 2 2. and min. The average value of an AC waveform is giving by the equation; Where V1Vn is the instantaneous value of voltage during the half cycle. The Vrms is defined as square root of the mean of the squares of the values for the one time period of the sine wave. The square root of the sum of the squares of the mean values of an alternating current or voltage is referred to as the root mean square or RMS value of the voltage or current. can someone give me a link on where i can get the relationship between VRMS and VDC( given rectified signal below) or are the the same ? We need to express 8 as the product of its prime factors i.e. Thus, the peak-to-peak voltage Vpp = Vrms * sqrt (2)In this example:Vpp = 56V * 1.4142. So, V rms = V pk Average Voltage (Vavg) Input: Power in Watt = 10 AC Circuit Theory (Part 3): Peak, Average and RMS Values, what AC really is all about, how its generated, its waveform, characteristics and some properties, 3D Power Packaging for Low Power DC/DC converters, 1551W Series Watertight Polycarbonate Enclosures, C4AK Series High Temperature, Long Life DC-Link Film Capacitors, Xtra-Guard Continuous Flex-Rated Industrial Ethernet Cable, Nordic Thingy:53 IoT Prototyping Platform. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . What about an arc? #1 Ardec 3 0 Homework Statement The rms voltage for a sine wave with zero offset is given by Vrms= 1/ (2)Vpeak. It is the square root of the time average of the voltage squared. 8. Antenna G/T Rms voltage is effectively the same as a DC voltage of the same value. voltage = -Vpeak)?" Yes, the Vrms=Vpeak x 0.707 only applies to a sinusoidal waveshape with no DC component. Vrms = Vp / 2. ) 3.Vp-p ( Peak to . With a perfectly blended team of Engineers and Journalists, we demystify electronics and its related technologies by providing high value content to our readers. What is the relationship between Vrms and vpeak? So, feel free to use this information and benefit from expert answers to the questions you are interested in! EXAMPLE#1: 8 = 2 2 2. Equations V rms = 1 2 V P = 0.707 V P V r m s = 1 2 V P = 0.707 V P For a sine wave: Vrms = 0.707 * Vpeak, Vavg = 0.637 * Vpeak, so Vrms = 1.11 * Vavg. Output: Power in dBm = 40. dBm is power with reference to 1 milliwatt. If you take the O-scope and tie it into the AC Power Source what you will see is a peak voltage of 169VAC (120*1.4) and if you place the scope cursor on the positive half cycle and the other one on the negative half cycle the value you get is 336VAC (120 . So peak-to-peak voltage is just the full vertical length of a voltage waveform from the very top to the . RMS power is indeed Vrms*Irms for a single phase circuit, which yours seems to be. rms current (Irms) is the root mean square current that causes the temperature of the part to rise a specific amount above 25C ambient. RMS Values of Current and Voltage related to Peak to Peak Value. Irms = Ip / 2. You can use the calculator to experiment with the relationship between resistive, capacitive, and total current. Well, in bridge rectifiers, you usually use a capacitor that charges to the peak value,so? + X. cos)/|Z| Power Factor. Vrms= Vpeak* (1/2)= Vpeak*0.7071 It refers to the effective values on the signal magnitude and independent of frequency and phase angle. 100W Peak = 50W RMS. 2.Vpeak (. 50W RMS is produced by 20V RMS in 8 ohms. V rms works out to (via the sqr root of the mean of the square of the signal function) = V max (or peak) divided by 2. Noise temp. Vrms = Vpeak / Sqrt(2) Vpeak = Vpeak-to-peak / 2 Vpeak = 25.5 / 2 Vpeak = 12.75Vpeak. i need formula of RMS for multitone to implement PAPR calculation in Hardware. The RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of the squared function of the instantaneous values. Vp-p = 63.236 Volts. 1. Following calculator converts Power in Watts to Power in dBm. Our team has collected thousands of questions that people keep asking in forums, blogs and in Google questions. Microstrip line impedance Expert Answer We View the full answer Previous question Next question the following: For VRMS, 5666625/9032007 (max value for VRMS) = 0.627, and then 0.627 *. Note Vpeak=Vpp / 2." Your forgot something; what has happened to the 0.707 factor in this new calculation? That means the alternating signal is 1/2 times the peak voltage values. Copyright 2022Circuit Digest. Thus the peak value of the mains voltage in the USA is about 120 2, or about 170 volts. The average value or mean value of an alternating current is the average of all instantaneous values during an half cycle. Now, we have got the complete detailed explanation and answer for everyone, who is interested! Thus, the effective voltage of 56 V (56 Vrms) is 2-1/2 times the peak-to-peak voltage. INPUT: RMS Value of a Sinusoid. Vrms is the effective voltage of a sine wave and is equal to the Vpeak multiplied by one half of the square root of two. Mathematically, it is given by the equation; Where Vpeak is the maximum amplitude of the waveform. dBm to Volt peak to peak Calculator. There is no specific source component for Vpp, but when you place the Vrms it has the peak and peak to peak voltage built into it by default. CONVERSION CHART dBm <=> Watts <=> Vrms <=> V pp Note: The power to voltage conversions shown are valid only for Sine Waves and 50 Ohm Load Impedance. Average Voltage (Vavg) It calculates the RMS voltage based on the above formulas for each. 100W Peak also has a peak voltage of 28.28V, and an RMS number of 20V. For example, it would take 169 volts peak AC to achieve 120 volts RMS (.707 x169). The crest factor is majorly an indication of how high the peaks of an alternating quantity are. The average value of an AC wave is only measured during a half cycle for a singular reason; when measured over a full cycle, the resultant average value is always equal to zero because the average value of the positive half cycle will cancel out that of the negative half cycle and as a result the expression based on the equation given above will evaluate to zero. Following is the formula for Vpp to Vrms conversion. Given a graph with time-base and Y-gain, how do you calculate the peak voltage? Following is the formula for Vpp to Vrms conversion. Usually, the RMS (root mean square) of a sine wave equals the amplitude divided by the square of the two. Remember, "u" in dBu is unloaded (i.e. To approximate the RMS value for a sine wave, one could simply find the peak value of the sine wave and multiply it by . The form factor is a parameter used in describing AC waveforms and is giving by the ratio between the RMS value of the alternating quantity and the average value. Good. Vrms = 22.360 Volts For the waveform shown above, the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the average value of the function is zero volts. V rms = 0.3535 * V pp Where V pp is the peak to peak volatge and V rms is the root mean square voltage. Thus, the peak-to-peak voltage Vpp = Vrms * sqrt (2)In this example:Vpp = 56V * 1.4142. The UK mains supply is 230V AC, this means 230V RMS so the peak voltage of the mains is about 320V. I* represents the complex conjugate, which for a complex number means that the sign of the imaginary component of the number is inverted. resistive current, and capacitive current. In Pure sine waves, the Peak value is always the same for both the positive and negative half cycles that makes a complete cycle (+Vp = -Vp), but this doesnt hold true for other none sinusoidal waveforms used in representing the alternating current, as different half cycles tend to have different peak values. It is equal to the level of the DC signal that would provide the same average . These AC circuits series has taken us on a journey which has seen us discuss what AC really is all about, how its generated, some histories, concepts behind AC, its waveform, characteristics and some properties. But when you said, "the current varies sinusoidally from 0 to 500mA with a DC value of 250mA," I'm not sure what you mean. Following is the list of useful converters and calculators. pf = cos = R/(R. / |Z| Complex Power. Peak-to-peak voltage, V PP, is a voltage waveform which is measured from the top of the waveform, called the crest, all the way down to the bottom of the waveform, called the trough. Therefore, the relationship between the peak and the rms value of current in an a.c. circuit is Irms=0.707I0. For square waves, VRMS = Vp. Our experts have done a research to get accurate and detailed answers for you. Since finding a full derivation of the formulas for root-mean-square (V rms) voltage is difficult, it is done here for you. V rms works out to (via the sqr root of the mean of the square of the signal function) = V max (or peak) divided by 2. You also asked "Is this only correct for a full sinusoidal about 0V (max. voltage = +Vpeak min. For a pure sine wave (and nothing else, not a square wave or triangle wave . INPUT: Power in dBm = 40 OUTPUTS: Vrms = 22.360 Volts Vpeak = 31.618 Volts Vp-p = 63.236 Volts Power to Vrms, Vpeak, Vp-p conversion formula or equation Following equations or formula are used for Power to Vrms/Vpeak/Vp-p conversion. Substituting: Vrms = 12.75Vpeak / Sqrt (2) Vrms = 9.0156Volts rms. . So, 0.577 V pk = 0.57735026918962576450914878050196 = 1.7320508075688772935274463415059 Average Voltage (Vavg) Converting a hipot test from AC (Vrms) to DC . This gives us one of the major difference between AC and DC as DC based signals are steady state signals, thus they maintain a constant amplitude which is always equal to the magnitude of the DC current or voltage. dBm to Watt converter Jadi Vpeak-ke-puncak = perbedaan total antara nilai max + ve dan nilai max -ve = 2 x Vpeak. Also note that Vavg of an AC signal is 0. It is given by the relation; Where i1 to in represent instantaneous values of current. This is for the whole AC signal. It improves PC round-the-clock performance simply by ensuring that the CPU gets only the power that it needs. The Instantaneous value of an Alternating voltage or current is the value of the current or voltage at a particular instant of time during the cycle of the waveform. If you see voltage of capacitor drops, it is not because it is discharging by bridge rectifier. The Instantaneous value of voltage is given by the equation; The instantaneous value of current is also obtained by a similar expression. See the answer. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. V RMS. It is the ratio of all instantaneous values to the number of instantaneous values selected during a half cycle. Welcome to FAQ Blog! A CD player is capable of replaying signals containing frequencies up to about 20 kHz. For example, find the peak voltage if the RMS voltage is 85 V. The root-mean-square (rms) voltage of a sinusoidal source of electromotive force (Vrms) is used to characterize the source. The CD player - an AC signal source. Very expensive voltmeters are often made to measure true RMS, because that is what is desired. OUTPUTS: I'm not sure if this is what you are looking for, but, Vrms of a signal is the equivalent DC voltage that would dissipate the same energy. You are using an out of date browser. Fine and? .) : ( ) . For a uniform periodical signal, this values is a constant. The RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of the squared function of the instantaneous values. In direct current, for instance, the crest factor is always equal to 1 which is an indication of the lack of peaks in the waveform of a Direct current. VRMS = 0.707 x VM , IRMS = 0.707 x IM. Vrms, V peak, V peak to peak. Since an AC voltage rises and falls with time, it takes more AC voltage to produce a given RMS voltage than it would for DC. . For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. I need formula to calculate RMS value of multitone signal for PAPR calculations. For sine waves, VRMS = 0.707 Vp. Vrms = Irms x R. a.c. a.c. is a current which changes direction and instantaneous value with time. RMS is not an "Average" voltage, and its mathematical relationship to peak voltage varies depending on the type of waveform. my understanding, 0.313mV is the peak value of this signal, not RMS. I said what it and I don't see any need to repeat many times unless you bring some evidence to prove there is a hole in my knowledge. dB referenced to 0.775 Vrms across 600 ohms Sometimes dB referenced to 1 uVrms, hence the alternate terminology below to avoid confusion: dBv: voltage: Alternate for terminology for dBu (referenced to 0.775 Vrms) dBV: voltage: dB referenced to 1 Vrms: dBW: power: dB referenced to 1 Watt: dBx : dB above reference coupling (crosstalk) It may not display this or other websites correctly. For example, it would take 169 volts peak AC to achieve 120 volts RMS (.707 x169). Vpeak = the number of divisions from the middle of the wave to the top of the wave x the number of V/div (Y-gain) Given a . Given the rectified signal below, Vrms= 0.707 (Vm/sqrt2)and Vdc= .636Vm (2Vm/pi). (_/0.5) Obtain a proof, perhaps from your lecture notes, that for a sinusoidal waveform, VPEAK (the peak value of the wave ) and VRMS (the root-mean-square value of the wave) are always related through the relationship given in Equation 2 in Part 1 below. Where Vpeak is the maximum amplitude of the waveform. The peak to peak voltage, in this case, is 2x the wave amplitude. Its denoted by V P, I P or E MAX and I MAX. Vrms = Vpeak divided by the square root of 2, hence 3/1.414 = 2.12 volts. Start your proof from the definition of VRMS given in Equation 1. You can see that all this is shown in the above diagram. This is your one-stop encyclopedia that has numerous frequently asked questions answered. A DC voltage of the same value would dissipate as much power on the load (assume: resistor). If the RMS voltage is known then the peak voltage can be found using this formula where VRMS is the RMS voltage. VRMS = 0.3536 x VP-P , IRMS = 0.3536 x IP-P. RMS Values of Current and Voltage related to Average Value. RMS Voltage (Vrms) The root-mean-square or effective value of a waveform.
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