J Obstet Gynaecol. [Meta-analysis of group comparison and meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Questionnaire (STAI)]. The reliability and validity of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) was studied with 443 adolescents with substance use disorder (SUD) and adolescents with anxiety. If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the Reset Password button. Flow chart of women included in the quantitative validation of STAI-state anxiety scale, Bland-Altman plot of test-retest score differences against mean test-retest scores with 95% limits, Histograms of item score for each item in the STAI-state anxiety scale (, Histogram of total score of the STAI-state anxiety scale ( n = 56), MeSH Construction of the Mandarin version of the International Prostate Symptom Score inventory in assessing lower urinary tract symptoms in a Malaysian population. Table of contents Understanding reliability vs validity A comparison of the fit of the form obtained through the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 2 factors for HAM-A, 3 factors for STAI-A and 4 factors for STAI-B had high fit indices. Methods of estimating reliability and validity are usually split up into different types. In addition, a significantly high ICC was found between the STAI-A and B scales (ICC=0.884). 2021 Jun;239(6):2001-2014. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06104-w. Epub 2021 Apr 28. 2020 INDIACLEN. Corresponding author. Validity Validity Validity is the extent to which a test measures, what it is supposed to measure. 26 - 28 this modified scale had high internal consistency reliability, with a cronbach's alpha value of 0.989 for the total state subscale, and xc```"Veahc)raW8204t%szpqT^pI03022=`P:4Q=}M|LMxY-| M The scale met the minimum reliability standards (Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.7). Experts agree that listening comprehension is an essential aspect of language ability, so the test lacks, The extent to which the result of a measure corresponds to. 2021 Sep 3;10(17):3989. doi: 10.3390/jcm10173989. Quek KF, Low WY, Razack AH, Chua CB, Loh CS. endobj Assessment of state and trait anxiety: conceptual and methodological issues. Plan your method carefully to make sure you carry out the same steps in the same way for each measurement. Background: State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale was developed in the 1980's and has been widely used both in clinical settings and in research. The first part assessed the sociodemographic characteristics of the included population (age, gender, educational level of the patient and his parents, marital status, socioeconomic level, alcohol consumption, family history of psychiatric diseases). The SPSS software version 23 was used for data analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.03.028, Validation of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory A and B in Arabic among the Lebanese population, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-657401-2.50009-5, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0943, View Large You can estimate different kinds of reliability using numerous statistical methods: 1. Instrument. In general, a test-retest correlation of +.80 or greater is considered to indicate good reliability. The site is secure. A prospective randomised study. These scales are widely and extensively used in research and clinical studies and are available in different versions for adults and children. To validate the English version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in a sample of Malaysia patients with and without urinary symptoms. 48 0 obj ICC: Intraclass Correlation coefficient; CI: Confidence interval. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state anxiety and trait anxiety. See this image and copyright information in PMC. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. If we repeat our measure under very similar conditions, we should get a similar result if our data are reliable. The severity of anxiety symptoms could be measured by using different psychometric tools such as the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). For non-centrality fit indices, the Steiger-Lind RMSEA was 0.094 [0.0820.108]. The trait scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure anxiety symptom severity [ 54 ]. Therefore, the measurement is not valid. 0000006471 00000 n Fiona Middleton. If you calculate reliability and validity, state these values alongside your main results. Scribbr. Bookshelf To produce valid generalizable results, clearly define the population you are researching (e.g. In this study, reliability and validity of CES-D were assessed in 409 suicide attempters and 409 comparison residents from rural China and through internal consistency analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Retrieved November 7, 2022, official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Published on Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Middleton, F. When you collect your data, keep the circumstances as consistent as possibleto reducethe influence of external factors that might create variation in the results. A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across nearly half of the items in surgical group but not in the non-LUTS group (control subjects). The number of loading factors, KMO and Bartlett's test of sphericity values and the Cronbach alpha values for the HAM-A scale are summarized in. The STAI is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth-grade reading level. Accessibility Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In the cognitive interviews the content validity was evaluated to be very good. Results For the STAI-A scale the Maximum Likelihood Chi-Square=405.995 and Degrees of Freedom=167, which gave an x2/df=2.43. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. The current study has several limitations. They should be thoroughly researched and based on existing knowledge. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.033. It is also used by researchers as an indicator of caregiver distress (APA). Turk J Orthod. Culture as a variable in health research: perspectives and caveats. Cronbach's alphas: factor 1=0.898; factor 2=0.853; total scale=0.921. For example, to collect data on a personality trait, you could use a standardized questionnaire that is considered reliable and valid. -. image, https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402062004005. Reliability and Validity. This ensures that your discussion of the data and the conclusions you draw are also valid. << Revised on A high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment was observed. Where, the State shows KMO=.818, p=.000, and Cronbach alpha found .797. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. The extent to which the results really measure what they are supposed to measure. Showing that you have taken them into account in planning your research and interpreting the results makes your work more credible and trustworthy. Data collection was performed through personal interviews with participants by trained, study independent personnel. Eighteen of the A-State items had salient loadings on factor 1 (state anxiety) and all 20 of the A-Trait items had salient loadings on factor 2 (trait anxiety). 8600 Rockville Pike Validity and reliability were studied in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and patients without LUTS. Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon, INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sant Publique, Epidmiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon, Faculty of Pedagogy, Holy Family University, 5534 Batroun, Lebanon, Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon. Reliability vs. Validity in Research | Difference, Types and Examples. All items from all the scales did not over-correlate to each other (r>0.9), did not have a low loading on factors (<0.3) or a low communality (a communality is the extent to which an item correlates with all other items) (<0.3). The split-half reliability coefficient was 0.892 and the halves strongly correlated with each otherthe correlation coefficient was 0.805. Reliability and Validity: Types of Reliability . Background: by Cross-cultural aspects of anxiety disorders. 0000015133 00000 n . Building 560, Street 8, Biakout, Lebanon. If a symptom questionnaire results in a reliable diagnosis when answered at different times and with different doctors, this indicates that it has high validity as a measurement of the medical condition. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that a three-factor model fit the data better than a two-factor model. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. The questionnaire used during the interviewed was in Arabic, the native language of Lebanon. McNair et al. First Clinical Appointment after the COVID-19 Lockdown: Reflections from Orthodontic Patients and Their Anxiety Levels. Multicultural challenges in the delivery of anxiety treatment. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. /MediaBox[0 0 594 792] /T 89021 eCollection 2022. Before Assessing the severity of perinatal anxiety will help monitor the progress of the patient through the stages of anxiety and facilitated the treatment. Results of a reliability analysis indicated that the State Anxiety and State Calmness factors demonstrated excellent internal consistency when applied to university students. 0000023116 00000 n stream Rantala A, Vuorinen AL, Koivisto J, Simil H, Helve O, Lahdenne P, Pikkarainen M, Haljas K, Plkki T. Nurs Open. The extent to which the results can be reproduced when the research is repeated under the same conditions. https://www.sst.dk/da/sygdom-og-behandling/screening, A1532/Health Research Fund of Central Denmark Region/International, None/Department of Public Health Programmes./International, None/Einar Willumsen Foundation/International, International Agency for Research on Cancer - Screening Group, Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Pineros M, et al. Adaptation of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory in Arabic: A Comparison with the American STAI. Ensure that your method and measurement technique are high quality and targeted to measure exactly what you want to know. Studied the reliability and validity of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) with 443 adolescents with Substance Use Disorder and adolescents with anxiety disorder. Our aim in this study was to translate the HAM-A, STAI-A and B scales to Arabic, linguistically validate them for use in a representative sample of the Lebanese population, and check the reliability of these Arabic versions. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. The construct validity of the Arabic version of these scales was addressed by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the scale. Lower urinary tract symptoms treatment constraints assessment (LUTS-TCA): a new tool for a global evaluation of neurogenic bladder treatments. 0000001214 00000 n Sensitivity to change was expressed as the effect size in the pre-intervention versus post-intervention score in additional patients with LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). LQJvw/kFl27$= 0wAqQH#j+]w@;xayl.^4w/.d#Uy-0*aNT@NJpxAgA/vXQF\D$6zC7oM^n7IjZp&3/OhOi Results: Also, we asked the patient if he got a physician diagnosis of anxiety and was taking a medication to treat it. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The authors would like to thank Mrs Timi Most for her support and help towards the publication of this paper. /Prev 89012 /L 89965 validity can be used to assess reliability . <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Filter/FlateDecode/Length 4243>> The STAI also has excellent test-retest reliability (.88), has convergent and discriminant validity with other measures, and successfully can differentiate highly anxious individuals from control populations. /N 13 This indicates that the assessment checklist has low inter-rater reliability (for example, because the criteria are too subjective). The Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross Ethics and Research Committee, in compliance with the Hospital's Regulatory Research Protocol, approved this study protocol (HPC-009-2018) based on the fact that the autonomy and confidentiality of participants were respected and since it was an observational study, no harm will be prompted to them. The BAI proved highly internally consistent and acceptably reliable over an average time lapse of 11 days. 2014 Jan-Feb;88(1):101-12. doi: 10.4321/S1135-57272014000100007. These tools benefit reliability engineers and industrial statisticians working with product life data and system repair data. Percentage of variance explained: 58.51%. Internal consistency was excellent. Widatra Bhakti. Patients filled a questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the anxiety score as calculated by the HAM-A scale, comparing patients with a physician diagnosis of anxiety to healthy ones, showed that the area under the curve was high=0.795 [0.7600.830] (P<0.001); at value=11.50, the sensitivity was 76.3% and the specificity was 71.1% (, The ROC curve of the anxiety score as calculated by the STAI-A scale, comparing patients with a physician diagnosis of anxiety to healthy ones, showed that the area under the curve was high=0.771 [0.7320.810] (P<0.001); at value=42.50, the sensitivity was 71.3% and the specificity was 69.1% (, The ROC curve of the anxiety score as calculated by the STAI-B scale, comparing patients with a physician diagnosis of anxiety to healthy ones, showed that the area under the curve was high=0.779 [0.7410.817] (P<0.001); at value=42.50, the sensitivity was 73.1% and the specificity was 71.6% (, When comparing the scales scores between patients with and without physician diagnosis of anxiety, the results showed that significantly higher means HAM-A, STAI-A and B scores were found in patients with a physician diagnosis of anxiety compared to those without the diagnosis (p<0.001 for the three scales) (. Health-related quality of life and perception of anxiety in women with abnormal cervical cytology referred for colposcopy: an observational study. 2019 Sep;37(9):1917-1925. doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2580-4. A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across nearly half of the items in surgical group but not in the non-LUTS group (control subjects). The STAI was established with the reliability readings of 850. The following results was obtained: for the HAMA scale, the Maximum Likelihood Chi-Square=152.509 and Degrees of Freedom=76, which gave an x2/df=2.01. Further, STAI was sent out in an electronic questionnaire to women (n = 109) seen at the gynecological department with abnormal cervical cancer screening test during 2018. Validity and reliability of STAI was evaluated according to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist by examining internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, floor and ceiling, construct validity and content validity. Turmel N, Lvy P, Hentzen C, Chesnel C, Charlanes A, Sheikh-Ismael S, Amarenco G, Manceau P. World J Urol. This person was independent of this study. Reliability Internal consistency We evaluated the reliability and validity of both of the revised subscales using the CTT. Sales; cake without eggs recipe; kendo react grid datasource; lands' end baby fleece bunting instruction partners salary. 0000001263 00000 n Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised in patients with cancer: A cross-sectional study. The STAI is a self-rating scale, which was developed for assessing one's trait and state of anxiety. Most practical problems in reliability data analysis in- For example, in an experimental setup, make sure all participants are given the same information and tested under the same conditions. A reliable measurement is not always valid: the results might be. Statistics anxiety is defined as: a negative state of emotional arousal experienced by individuals as a result of encountering statistics in any form and at any level; this emotional state is preceded by negative attitudes toward statistics and is related to but distinct from mathematics anxiety (Chew & Dillon, 2014, p. 199). 47 0 obj Ensure that you have enough participants and that they are representative of the population. Going forward, the ever-expanding amount and availability of data will allow for more empirical testing of quality measures than ever before. Image, Download Hi-res This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Li J, Zhao F, Bai H, Lin P, Shao D, Sun J, Zhang H, Cao F. Int J Nurs Stud. These good results may be due to the fact that we compared used the physician diagnosis variable to compare between individuals with anxiety and those without. Recommendations for the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Health Status Measures. Would you like email updates of new search results? people from a specific age range, geographical location, or profession). Reliability and Validity Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Theory of Planned Behaviour Theory of Reasoned Action Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods. Methods Comparison of scales scores between patients with and without physician diagnosis of anxiety. State Trait Anxiety Inventory Validity and Reliability The validity of state trait anxiety inventory was measured by Cronbach's alpha, which is a commonly used statistical measure of validity of psychological instruments, and the reliability has been measured by test retest reliability and internal consistency measures. 46 0 obj Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. However, reliability on its own is not enough to ensure validity. This indicates that the questionnaire has low reliability as a measure of the condition. -. Rev Esp Salud Publica. All of the HAM-A, STAI-A and STAI-B items could be extracted from the list. The answers follow a 4-point Likert scale, with 1 (not at all), 2 (somewhat), 3 (moderately so) and 4 (very much so) for STAI-A and 1 (almost never), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often) and 4 (almost always) for STAI-B. /Size 68 Participants rated each item on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from "Not at all" to "Very much so". Ilic I, Babic G, Dimitrijevic A, Ilic M, Sipetic Grujicic S. Women Health. Bartlett's test of sphericity=p<0.001. To update your cookie settings, please visit the, Investigating the prevalence of child abuse in the families with addicted parents in Iran: With emphasis on family risk factors, Analysis of high dimensional brain data using prototype based fuzzy clustering. Background Anxiety among women in the perinatal period is common. Jaussent S, Labarre J, Boyer JP, Franois P. Encephale. If research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography. However, the thermometer has not been calibrated properly, so the result is 2 degrees lower than the true value. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI) is a psychological inventory consisting of 40 self-report items on a 4-point Likert scale. Validity should be considered in the very earliest stages of your research, when you decide how you will collect your data. 2022 Jun 29;2022:8015798. doi: 10.1155/2022/8015798. Key Words: college students; education in China; statistics anxiety; reliability; validity Introduction Statistics anxiety is defined as 'the feelings of anxiety encountered when taking a statistics course or doing statistics analyses; that is, gathering, processing, and interpreting' (Cruise, Cash & Bolton, 1985, p. 92). Figure 4.2 shows the correlation between two sets of scores of several university students on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, administered two times, a week apart. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2021 Jun;34(2):86-92. doi: 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2021.20131. This study assesses the validity and reliability of the "Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale" (PASS) in the Arabic language. It seeks to establish whether a tester will obtain the same results if they repeat a given measurement. Stai T Questionnaire - robinson.vindex.me The state-trait anxiety inventory or STAI is a widely . stream 0000000015 00000 n 2021 Mar 2;5(3):e25235. Reliability and validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) among urological patients: a Malaysian study. (1976) A reliability and validity study of the state-trait . . Facts about the MBTI instrument reliability: Reliability (when scores are treated as continuous scores, as in most other psychological instruments) is as good as or better than other personality instruments. endobj As a guideline, values of<0.05 indicate a close fit and values below 0.11 an acceptable fit. The validated and translated scale with a good reliability, will be helpful in clinical settings and research. Laura.julian@ucsf.edu; University of California, San Francisco. -, Hellsten C, Sjostrom K, Lindqvist PG. >> Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Test-retest correlation coefficients for the 40 items score were highly significant. << Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. All of the HAM-A, STAI-A and STAI-B items could be extracted from the list. The STAI is reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in a sample of Malaysian patients with and without urinary symptoms. The Future of Validity and Reliability of Quality Measures. In order to measure anxiety in physically and cognitively debilitated patients, such as patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, the use of reliable and valid instruments is recommended; however, these instruments should be short.Objective. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. The site is secure. Consent was obtained as written approval on the ethical consent form. The STAI is reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in a sample of Malaysian patients with and without urinary symptoms. Measures The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Form-Y: Spielberger, 1983) is a widely used self-report measure for state and trait anxiety. 2007;114(1):3238. Further studies are needed in other Arabic-speaking countries to confirm our findings and extrapolate the use of the Arabic versions of these scales. Metzger, R.L. Would you like email updates of new search results? <> Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The construct validity of the HAM-A scale was also adequate because items converged over two factors (Somatic and Psychic/Psychologic), with adequate factor loadings for all items, similar to the results obtained from previous research in adults. Results: 2022 Oct-Dec 01;45(4):E145-E160. Exp Brain Res. A measurement can be reliable without being valid. /Type/Page A high degree of significant level between baseline and post-treatment scores was observed across nearly half of the items in surgical group but not in the non-LUTS group (control subjects). 0000024319 00000 n Moreover, the Joreskog GFI equaled 0.806 and AGFI equaled 0.753. Therefore, it is essential to validate the Arabic version of the STAI and HAM-A scales for cultural adaptation among the Lebanese population in order to measure the severity of anxiety. Its appropriate to discuss reliability and validity in various sections of your thesis or dissertation or research paper. The STAI, or State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is an instrument that quantifies adult anxiety (a children's version is also available). 0000014566 00000 n endobj For non-centrality fit indices, the Steiger-Lind RMSEA was 0.087 [0.0740.099]. Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important. If you randomly split the results into two halves, there should be a. The state-trait anxiety inventory or STAI is a widely accepted measure of trait and state anxiety elaborated by Spielberger and collaborators in 1983. The Danish Health Authority: Screening for cervical cancer 2018 (in Danish only). Its important to consider reliability and validity when you are creating your research design, planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative research. PMC >> The mean score for women aged 45-49 years was 32.6 (SD 11.1), for women aged 50-69 years it was 32.3 (SD 10.6) and for women 70 years or older it was 34.4 (SD 10.41). Accordingly, the questionnaire was divided into two, twenty-item subscales designed to measure the intensity of how much anxiety a person feels "right now, at this moment" (STAI-State, or STAI-S subscale) and the frequency of how a person "generally feels" anxious (STAI-Trait, or STAI-T subscale). 0000000836 00000 n A reliable instrument need not be a valid instrument. Test-Retest It's a type of reliability used to assess the consistency of a given measurement across time. /ID[<9D2AFD383DC926AAF3B86C4ADC5150A5><9D2AFD383DC926AAF3B86C4ADC5150A5>] Can pre-colposcopy sessions reduce anxiety at the time of colposcopy? To ensure the validity of the results, the scales was tested on another sample (sample 2), independent from the first one. 0000022591 00000 n Moreover, the Joreskog GFI equaled 0.98 and AGFI equaled 0.93. The .gov means its official. Background. trailer Internal consistency coefficients for the scale have ranged from .86 to .95; test-retest reliability coefficients have ranged from .65 to .75 over a 2-month interval (Spielberger et al., 1983). Conclusion: endstream Several different doctors use the same questionnaire with the same patient but give different diagnoses. and transmitted securely. State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) A and B. Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample population. Careers. Keywords: Reliability data revealed that the A-State and A-Trait scales had a high internal consistency, and high item-total correlations were found for most of the items under each scale. If the thermometer shows different temperatures each time, even though you have carefully controlled conditions to ensure the samples temperature stays the same, the thermometer is probably malfunctioning, and therefore its measurements are not valid. . An expert committee, composed of health care professionals (psychiatrists and psychologists), a language professional and the original translator, had reviewed and revised the translated questionnaire in order to check for idiomatic and conceptual equivalence of the Arabic translated version. Anxiety does not always affect balance: the predominating role of cognitive engagement in a video gaming task. If reliability and validity were a big problem for your findings, it might be helpful to mention this here. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help An official website of the United States government. If not, why not? Feasibility and Acceptability of a Digital Intervention to Support Shared Decision-making in Children's and Young People's Mental Health: Mixed Methods Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. 45 0 obj 0000024039 00000 n Reliability and Validity Broadly, reliability refers to how repeatable the score or observations are. Reliability refers to the degree to which scale produces consistent results, when repeated measurements are made. 2019;144(8):19411953. The other parts comprised the different scales used in this study as follows: It is composed of 40 questions that measure two types of anxiety - state anxiety, or anxiety about an event (STAI-A), and trait anxiety, or anxiety level as a personal characteristic (STAI-B). [Psychometric characteristics of questionnaires designed to assess the knowledge, perceptions and practices of health care professionals with regards to alcoholic patients]. The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence. . 8600 Rockville Pike POMS to measure the construct validity of the former Face Average scores obtained from the POMS were 16.5 5.8. The Arabic versions of the HAM-A, STAI-A and B scales was validated in the current study for use among the Lebanese population. doi: 10.2196/25235. The STAI is reliable, valid and sensitive to clinical change in a sample of Malaysian patients with and without urinary symptoms. In search of golden rules: comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. The purpose and requirement of the study was informed to each patients. The STAIC is a self-report measure that has been widely used to assess state and trait anxiety of children.
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