[114] Only South Africa is using nuclear power commercially. When Ammonia dissolves in water it results in the formation of ammonia hydroxide. In case any of these elements are removed, fire can be controlled. (b) inflammable substances Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Answer: Two examples of fuels that are used to generate electricity are petrochemicals and coal. Answer: Although the causality of the effects of low concentrations of SO2 is still uncertain, reducing SO2 concentrations is likely to decrease exposure to co-pollutants. The top nations in 2007 include Mauritania with growth at 19.8%, Angola at 17.6%, Sudan at 9.6%, Mozambique at 7.9% and Malawi at 7.8%. Give two examples of the combustible substances. People living in low- and middle-income countries disproportionately experience the burden of outdoor air pollution with 91% (of the 4.2 million premature deaths) occurring in low- and middle-income countries, and the greatest burden in the WHO South-East How are heat and light produced in the sun? (c) phosphorous 3-Methylalkane: A branched alkane, with a methyl group connected to the third carbon atom in the main carbon chain. Question 4. It is often used as a base in inorganic analysis and also as a complexant. Most sources of outdoor air pollution are well beyond the control of individuals and demands concerted action by local, national and regional level policy-makers working in sectors like transport, energy, waste management, urban planning, and agriculture. To make plastics, anti-freeze and numerous other useful compounds, they are far too valuable for use. CNG means Connecting Neutral Gas. [97] which many contend leads the overproduction of such commodities as grain, cotton and milk. 6. Question 14. Which of the following fuels is used for running automobiles? Fuels The lower the levels of air pollution, the better the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population will be, both long- and short-term. [128] Their various brands of vehicle are currently available in Nigeria, Ghana and other West African Nations. Sarita wondered why petrol cant be used as a fuel for household activity though its calorific value is high. Superscript notations give measurement temperature(in C) different from 20C. This hope in manufacturing and industry is helped by the boom in communications technology[121] and local mining industry[122] in much of sub-Saharan Africa. [95][96][104] The demand market for African cocoa has experienced a price boom in 2008. [145] East African countries like Uganda also produce motorcycles for the domestic market. 8. [48] Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas development aid (ODA) and yet others by private investors. [67][68] Socialist governments influenced by Marxism, and the land reform they have enacted, have also contributed to economic stagnation in Africa. CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. Which of the following is an example of inflammable substance? A driver with a Class B license may, with the proper endorsements, operate vehicles requiring a Class C or D license. 5. Fuels are obtained in the form of solid, liquid, or gas. By rubbing a matchstick against a rough surface (friction), it attains its ignition temperature and thus catches fire. during extreme heat of summer, at some places dry grass catches fire. What values of Sourav and Souravs mother are shown here? Non-luminous Zone: The outermost part of the flame which is the hottest zone due to complete combustion. State whether the given statements are true or false. Flame is a region where the burning or combustion of gaseous substances take place. For each case, the alkene has a boiling point which is lower than the corresponding alkane by a small number of degrees. You asked Google here's the answer", "European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 17701900 African Economic History Network", "Post-Independence African Economies: 19602015", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Botswana an African economic miracle? The type of combustion in which a material suddenly bursts into flames, without the application of any apparent cause is called spontaneous combustion. Combustion cannot take place in absence of oxygen. Alkyl groups bonded to the sp2 hybridised carbon atoms of alkenes affect the stability of the double bond. WHO develops tools such as AirQ+ for assessing the health impacts from various pollutants, but also the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) to assess walking and cycling interventions, the Green+ tool to raise importance of green space and health, As water cannot be used to control fires involving electrical equipment or oils, a fire extinguisher or sand is used to put out the fire. [48] The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 3040% returns for telecommunications (ICT) investments, over 40% for electricity generation, and 80% for roads. [13], Following the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and social upheaval consumed much of the continent. What are inflammable substances? Answer: The offline advantage makes it easier for students to study from anywhere, anytime they want without stressing about a poor internet connection. Click Start Quiz to begin! The Economist, The African Century, 28 March 2020. What are the laboratory uses of Ammonium hydroxide? Also called naphthene. Answer: Name any two combustible substances. 9. Between the 14th and 20th century there can be observed that in regions with more elite violence and hence higher chances to die at a younger age the elite did not invest much in education. Energy conservation opportunities by sector Buildings Existing buildings. Question 3. Do you need help with your Homework? [7] [154], Remittances from the African diaspora and rising interest in investment from the West will be especially helpful for Africa's least developed and most devastated economies, such as Burundi, Togo and Comoros. (d) slow combustion, Question 20. As competition is driven out of the market, farmers innovate less and grow less food further undermining economic performance.[63][64]. Vapour pressure Its v.p is 115 mm at 20C, Ammonium hydroxide is a weak basic compound that does not dissociate completely in water leaving the next equilibrium with ammonium ion and hydroxide ion. [34][35] 34 African nations have adopted steps to increase liquidity and lower borrowing costs, mostly through lowering the policy rate. Charcoal, wood. Question 2. NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, Question 1. 10. In such situations, soda-acid fire extinguisher does not work as it contains water or uses water to take off fire by cooling down the place. On combustion, hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide, water and heat. 2. (c) Liquid Petrol Godown Alkenes are the raw materials for plastics such as polyethene, PVC, polypropylene, and polystyrene, among others. Observe the foaming reaction. 3-4 exceedance days per year), ** Peak season is defined as an average of daily maximum 8-hour mean O3 concentration in the six consecutive months with the highest six-month running average O3 concentration. Our subject experts prepare these revision notes after extensive research of the topics. (d) Two examples of fuels that are used to generate electricity are petrochemicals and coal. 1. (d) Stone, Question 14. It is formed by the reaction with sunlight (photochemical reaction) of pollutants such as nitrogen The revision provided by Vedantu not only helps students to score high marks and prepares them for competitive exams like Olympiad. Non-combustible substances are defined as those that do not readily catch fire. Focus on its features and how it is used in different aspects. Fuel is any substance that undergoes combustion to obtain energy that can be used to heat or move another object. Wood is combustible. reduced. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. By putting a completely wet towel on the pan to cut off the air supply. [48], In Africa, it is argued that to meet the MDGs by 2015, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $93 billion a year). During the 1960s, Ghanaian politician Kwame Nkrumah promoted economic and political union of African countries, with the goal of independence. Barium, arsenic, sodium, magnesium. Fuel, water and heat are three essential requirements for combustion. Due to a lack of fiscal headroom, the deficit resulted in increasing borrowing, which African countries have less capacity to absorb than other developed economies. [52] Niall Ferguson agrees with his last point, arguing that colonialism's main weaknesses were sins of omission. Answer: Download CBSE Class 8 Science Chapter 6 Combustion and Flame revision notes free of cost. Question 5. (b) In 2019, 99% of the world population was living in places where the WHO air quality guidelines levels were not met. 4. (b) magnesium oxide Main groups of hydrocarbons: Alkane: An acyclic saturated hydrocarbon, with the general formula CnH2n+2. There are many examples of successful policies in transport, urban planning, power generation and industry that reduce air pollution: In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor smoke from household air pollution is a serious health risk for some 2.4 billion people who cook and heat their homes with biomass fuels and coal. Answer: [78], There are currently eight regional organizations that assist with economic development in Africa:[79], After an initial rebound from the 2009 world economic crisis, Africa's economy was undermined in the year 2011 by the Arab uprisings. (b) Fuel, coal, straw It is also used as an additive for maintaining a proper level of acidity in food. Egypt. They are: When a substance burns rapidly and produces heat and light, such combustion is called rapid combustion. Although liquid ammonia is already diluted, it should be further diluted prior to use. South Africa, for example, has decreased policy rates by 200 basis points or more. Is Ammonium Hydroxide an Acid or a Base? These revision notes summarise the chapter's key concepts in a simple and easily understandable format. It is very harmful to crops, buildings and soil as it increases the acidity of the soil and corrodes the metal surface faster. What is the composition of the head of a matchstick? 13. SO2can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs, and causes irritation of the eyes. The temperature of water goes on increasing until it attains its boiling point, and starts boiling. It is typically used for comparing the efficiency of internal combustion engines with a shaft output.. Studies indicate that a proportion of people with asthma experience changes in pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms after periods of exposure to SO2 . This development, along with the economic potential in finding a trade route to the Indian Ocean, brought the Portuguese to sub-Saharan Africa as an imperial force. Out of the most diverse 25 countries according to this index, 18 (72%) are African. (e) (Economic History of Developing Regions Vol. Ammonia solutions decrease in density as the dissolved ammonia concentration increases. (b) oxygen [76] Since then, objectives, and organizations, have multiplied. (LPG), Question 2. Coal burns with a flame. (a) lowest temperature The WHO Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2021 provide an assessment of health effects of air pollution and thresholds for healthharmful pollution levels. Sarita has knowledge of fuel but she is little bit confused. See more. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by Definition of organic compounds. Alkenes that have two, three and four alkyl groups bonded to the carbon atoms of the double bond are disubstituted, trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted respectively. [85], Because Africa's export portfolio remains predominantly based on raw material, its export earnings are contingent on commodity price fluctuations. The causes are as of yet unclear, but education is certainly a factor. Question 5. Inflammation of the respiratory tract causes coughing, mucus secretion, aggravation of asthma and chronic bronchitis and makes people Answer: Two examples of fuels that are used to generate electricity are petrochemicals and coal. Large African empires became wealthy due to their trade networks, for example Ancient Egypt, Nubia, Mali, Ashanti, the Oyo Empire and Ancient Carthage, Some parts of Africa had close trade relationships with Arab kingdoms, and by the time of the Ottoman Empire, Africans had begun converting to Islam in large numbers. The ammonium hydroxide is an alkali with a composition of [NH4+]OH- ions; it is not possible to isolate samples of NH4OH. Inhalation, ingestion, or contact with material from the skin can cause serious injury or death. Manufacture of propanol used in making acetone. False The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Few concepts are explained with well-illustrate diagrams to help students understand the topic in a better way. Fire extinguisher affects which factor? (d) All of these, Question 5. The Guidelines apply worldwide to both outdoor and indoor environments and are based on expert evaluation of current scientific evidence for: The Guidelines also include qualitative good practice recommendations for black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles (<=1um) and particles derived from sand and dust storms. (c) calcium oxide It can cause breathing problems, trigger asthma, reduce lung function and cause lung diseases. They are used in the synthesis of alcohols, plastics, lacquers, detergents, and fuels as starting materials. (a) rapid combustion Manufacture of plastics like polythene for making buckets, bowls, bags etc. Why? Although Africa and Asia had similar levels of income in the 1960s, Asia has since outpaced Africa, with the exception of a few extremely poor and war-torn countries like Afghanistan and Yemen. Combustion is defined as the chemical process in which substances with oxygen take place to give off light and heat. 1. The innermost zone of a flame around the wick is called its dark zone. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The most common supporter of combustion is _________. Alkylcycklopentane: A monosubstituted cyclopentane with one branching via the attachment of one alkyl group on one carbon of the cyclohexane ring, with the general formula CnH(2n+1)C5H9. Africa has around 90 million people with household incomes exceeding $5,000, meaning that they can direct more than half of their income towards discretionary spending rather than necessities. West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa in Alkylcycklohexane: A monosubstituted cyclohexane with one branching via the attachment of one alkyl group on one carbon of the cyclohexane ring, with the general formula CnH(2n+1)C6H11. [48], In irrigation, SSA[clarification needed] states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in Information and communication technologies and water supply and sanitation, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Most gaseous fuels are composed of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen or a mixture of them all. Question 16. They become hot and glow to give off yellowish light. We will guide you on how to place your essay help, proofreading and editing your draft fixing the grammar, spelling, or formatting of your paper easily and cheaply. CHEST tools include modules on needs assessment, guidance on standards and testing for household energy devices, monitoring and evaluation, The main anthropogenic source of SO2is the burning of sulfur-containing 1. (c) It is the least hottest zone comparatively to other. Wood is an example of _________ fuel. In the common representation used for organic molecules, its chemical structure can be written as below. Many other projects include paved highways, railways, airports, and other construction. _________ is an example of liquid fuel. Food, Question 7. Give two examples of non-combustible substances. The cutting down of trees on a large scale is termed as deforestation. The continent's growth fell back from 5% in 2010 to 3.4% in 2011. Combustible substances are also known as Question 8. Combustible substances are defined as those that can easily catch fire. Incomplete combustion of carbon fuels gives carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas and prolonged exposure can be fatal. Local conditions also affect exports; state over-regulation in several African nations can prevent their own exports from becoming competitive. [48] Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. The idea of a single currency union across Africa has been floated, and plans exist to have it established by 2020, though many issues, such as bringing continental inflation rates below 5 percent, remain hurdles in its finalization. Alkenes and particularly ethene are tremendously important in the chemical industry. A good fuel should have _________ calorific value. Taking the prescribed action: The healthcare providers who protect our children's present are riding to protect their future, Building climate resilient health services with sustainable energy, Launch of WHO's Household Energy Policy Repository, Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, Review of evidence on the health aspects of air pollution (REVIHAAP), WHO Regional Office for Europe's work on air quality. True These factors include low population density, lack of domesticated livestock and plants and the northsouth orientation of Africa's geography. )), Nigeria (5.11) (Actually has a market capitalisation value of $39.27 Bln). (b) flame Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth, thanks to their resources and increasing political stability and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The fuels such as petrol and diesel are being replaced by CNG (Compressed Natural Gas). 5. Answer: (a) Oil-rich countries such as Algeria, Libya and Gabon, and mineral-rich Botswana have emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo are potentially among the world's richest nations by natural resources, but have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare, end emigration. www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03767.htm, http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/consumer/fuels/heats%20.htm. Answer: (a) Sulphur 5. Place the dish at the bottom of a large bowl. Boiling point - 38C and 100C based on the concentration This makes the piece of paper burn with a yellowish flame. It can also cause irritation in the lungs if inhaled. (b) of low- and middle-income countries. The Ammonium hydroxide is prepared by saturating water with gaseous ammonia. [56] Historian John K. Thornton argues that sub-Saharan Africa was relatively wealthy and technologically advanced until at least the seventeenth century. The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy, kinetic energy, or combinations of the two in various ways. It is a poisonous gas that does not just contain dangerous pollutants but also leads to global warming., The harmful oxides released on burning coal in a closed room can even kill a sleeping person., Examples of carbon monoxide include carbon fuels like coal, candle, wood, etc., which give off unburnt carbon particles., These rains are caused by the emission of nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide, which eventually produces acid in the atmosphere.. By far, most of these projects are in the production and transportation of electric power. Answer: Use of bromine water as an alkene test. (d) bunsen burner, Question 9. It affects more people than any other pollutant. Question 16. (d) combustible, Question 6. Define calorific value. Ozone at ground level not to be confused with the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is one of the major constituents of photochemical smog. As with PM, concentrations are often highest largely in the urban areas Question 1. What is the ignition temperature of phosphorus? The most common element used as fire extinguisher is For combustion to take place, the presence of oxygen is essential. Survey 100 houses in your area. Answer: Africa is a resource-rich continent. Volatile liquids which produce combustible vapour are called liquid fuels. Sodium has very low ignition temperature, i.e., it catches fire on coming in contact with air, so it is kept in kerosene. Question 1. The Ammonium hydroxide is prepared by saturating water with gaseous ammonia. Fill in the blanks with suitable word/s. 1. 3. A type of combustion during which a huge amount of heat and light is evolved with a boom, along with the production of gas, is known as explosion; e.g., the exploding of fireworks, i.e., crackers, etc. But prices are expected to remain at levels favourable for African exporter. 3. respiration The substance that undergoes combustion is said to be [20] As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of East Asia. Oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen dissolve in rainwater and form acids. For use of control areas, see Section 414.2.: b. West Africa and East Africa were the two best-performing subregions in 2010. For example, the burning of a matchstick, gas stove. 13. The temperature increases because of fuel combustion due to the release of carbon dioxide. Chapter 1 - Crop Production and Management Notes, Chapter 2 - Microorganisms : Friend and Foe Notes, Chapter 3 - Synthetic Fibres and Plastics Notes, Chapter 4 - Materials : Metals and Non-Metals Notes, Chapter 7 - Conservation of Plants and Animals Notes, Chapter 8 - Cell - Structure and Functions Notes, Chapter 9 - Reproduction in Animals Notes, Chapter 10 - Reaching The Age of Adolescence Notes, Chapter 14 - Chemical Effects of Electric Current Notes, Chapter 15 - Some Natural Phenomena Notes, Chapter 17 - Stars and The Solar System Notes, Chapter 18 - Pollution of Air and Water Notes, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper for Class 12. Answer: 7. An alkene whose double bond is at the end of the chain of carbon atoms is also sometimes called a terminal alkene. In traditional units, it measures fuel consumption in pounds per [77] Most of this intra-Africa trade originates from South Africa and most of the trade exports coming out of South Africa goes to abutting countries in Southern Africa. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of bauxite, cobalt, industrial diamond, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. 9. component of acid rain which is a cause of deforestation. diseases, including acute lower respiratory infections, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Class B Single vehicles with a GVWR of 26,001 or more pounds, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle 10,000 pounds GVWR or less. (c) Distillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. The shorter candle blows off first, and then the longer one. False Answer: Skinner, Annabel (2005). With the rise in the size of the molecules, intermolecular forces of alkenes get stronger. If these interim targets were to be achieved, significant reductions in risks for acute and chronic health effects from air pollution can be expected. 3. Will it produce a flame? Recent growth has been due to growth in sales in commodities, services, and manufacturing. The banks that took part control nearly 30% of the continent's assets. WHO produces evidence regarding the linkage of air pollution to specific diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancers, as well as burden of disease estimates from existing air pollution exposures, at country, regional, and global No residue is left behind. than in developed cities of comparable size. The compound structure is formed by one hydroxide. (b) It is denoted by the symbols NH3(aq). In particular the economic performance of former British colonies was better than both independent states and former French colonies. (b) Deodar This double bond makes a big difference to the chemistry of the compounds of the family. Question 15. [6], In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent; however, the World Bank expects that most African countries will reach "middle income" status (defined as at least US$1,025 per person a year) by 2025 if current growth rates continue. Also called paraffin. In such a case, hydrocarbon fire extinguisher is very useful, as it contains turkey red oil, which causes the foaming of carbon dioxide gas under pressure. (b) magnesium Touch or inhalation results may be adjourned. Water is commonly used to control fires caused by substances other than oils and electrical equipment as it can worsen the conditions. In what order? Gaseous Fuels: Combustible gases or a mixture of combustible gases are called gaseous fuels. [27] As of 2013, the initiative has given partial debt relief to 30 African countries. For example: CNG, LPG, propane, biogas etc. An association also has been observed between outdoor air pollution and increase in cancer of the urinary tract/bladder. It is a weak base as it does not associate completely with dissolution in water. [45][49] Critics of colonialism charge colonial rule with injuring African pride, self-worth and belief in themselves. Ammonia is used to make monochloramine, used as a disinfectant. This is all about ammonium hydroxide, its physical and chemical properties. WHO Member States recently adopted a resolution (2015) and a road map (2016) for an enhanced global response to the adverse health effects of air pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon that are composed of multiple aromatic rings. A fuql may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Molar Mass - molecular weight is 35.05 g/mol. [48] Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors. 4. 55,000, III. [3][9] In 2017, the African Development Bank reported Africa to be the world's second-fastest growing economy, and estimates that average growth will rebound to 3.4% in 2017, while growth is expected to increase by 4.3% in 2018. For the chemical industry, the most important alkenes are ethene, propene, and 1,3-butadiene. An example of slow combustion is _________. In the sun, light and heat are produced by How does a matchstick catch fire? ", "Africa's economic growth continues upward trend", "Lions on the move: The progress and potential of African economies | McKinsey Global Institute | Productivity, Competitiveness, & Growth | McKinsey & Company", "Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative - Questions and Answers", "Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative", "Hundreds of African financial professionals benefit from EIB banking and microfinance academy", "The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government", "Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development", "FAQs on ECB supervisory measures in reaction to the coronavirus", "10 things you didn't know about the African economy", "The three reasons why the US is so interested in Africa right now", "Governance and poverty reduction in Africa", "The British colonial lineages of despotism and development - ProQuest", "Root Causes of African Underdevelopment", Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape, http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/41656700/alexandra_hrituleac_thesis_1_dec.pdf, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, "Should Africa challenge its "odious debts? 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