Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. 1. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Upset stomach and vomiting. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Complications. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. The heart rate slows . Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. It is typically consumed in pill form. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Treatment. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Feeling tired. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Delusions. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). B) the cause of the problem. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. a. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). 22. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). 0. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. The pituitary gland also secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic processes (Bartke, Sun, & Longo, 2013). Sleep is not a uniform state of being. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Not able to pass stool or gas. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. 3. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). How does hypnosis work? An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Sore throat. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs.
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